Zea Mays Starch

// Evidence: Abrasive agents function through mechanical action to physically remove material from surfaces. In cosmetics, these are typically fine particles (silica, pumice, microcrystalline cellulose, polyethylene beads) that provide controlled friction to slough off dead corneocytes from the stratum corneum or remove dental plaque and stains from tooth enamel. The particle size, hardness, and shape determine the intensity of exfoliation.

// Evidence: Absorbent materials possess high porosity and surface area that enable them to take up and retain liquids, sebum, perspiration through capillary action and adsorption. Common absorbents include kaolin clay, talc, silica, cornstarch. These ingredients can absorb multiple times their weight in moisture. The absorption mechanism can be physical (porous structure) or chemical (hygroscopic properties).

// Evidence: Anticaking agents prevent agglomeration by reducing interparticulate forces and moisture-induced bridging. These include hydrophobic materials like magnesium stearate, silica (fumed and precipitated forms), talc, and calcium silicate that coat particle surfaces, reducing van der Waals forces and preventing moisture absorption. The mechanism creates physical barriers between particles.

// Evidence: Skin protecting ingredients defend against environmental stressors, irritants, and damage through barrier enhancement, antioxidant activity, anti-pollution effects, or physical barriers. Include dimethicone (barrier), allantoin (soothing protectant), zinc oxide (physical protectant), and film-formers. Mechanisms vary: forming protective films, neutralizing oxidative stress, chelating pollutants, strengthening barrier function. Used in protective creams, barrier treatments, and defensive skincare against urban pollution, extreme weather.